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The disease caused by Diplococci bacteria is pneumonia, specifically a type known as pneumococcal pneumonia. Diplococci are a form of bacteria that typically appear in pairs and are responsible for a variety of infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae, a type of diplococcus, is the most common pathogen that leads to pneumonia, an acute respiratory condition characterized by inhaling pathogens that inflame the air sacs in one or both lungs.

Pneumonia can manifest in various forms, but the connection between diplococci and pneumococcal pneumonia is particularly significant in clinical settings. The symptoms may include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing, resulting from the inflammation and fluid accumulation in the lungs.

In contrast, the other options listed do not relate to diplococci; cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and syphilis results from the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Understanding the specific bacteria that cause different diseases is essential in the field of health and medicine, assisting in accurate diagnosis and effective treatment plans.